Were these figures made in editions?

Many popular subjects were cast in multiple numbered or unnumbered editions by commercial foundries to meet middle-class Victorian demand. Popular models by established sculptors were reproduced over decades. Foundries often purchased rights from artists to cast ongoing runs, leading to subtle variations in size and base design across different production years.

How can I identify the foundry?

Inspect the integral base, plinth, or lower edge of the bronze for stamped foundry seals, engraved monograms, or publisher signatures. Foundries like Barbedienne utilised distinct stamps to mark their output. Catalogues raisonnés and period foundry ledgers help match specific punch marks and cachets to active workshop dates.

What is the difference between cold-painted and patinated bronze?

Patinated bronze relies on chemical reactions with the metal surface to produce stable metallic tones like brown, green, or black. The colour is integral to the treated skin of the bronze. Cold-painted bronze involves applying non-fired oil or enamel paints directly onto the finished metal surface after casting. These painted finishes are more susceptible to flaking and wear over time.