What materials are used?

Carvers utilised various woods such as hardwood, limewood, and walnut for these sculptures. Additional materials include copper, metal, gesso, and applied paint. Surfaces often feature polychrome decoration or gold leaf. Some examples incorporate papier-mâché and straw.

Dating relies on stylistic clues, tool marks, and the wear of the wooden substrate. Historical clothing styles and recorded maker signatures also provide chronological markers. Paint analysis helps determine if surface coatings are original to the period of creation.

Where were they made?

Origins span across Europe and Asia, including British, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Chinese, and Japanese workshops. Regional carving traditions strongly influence the appearance of each piece. Local trades and religious practices dictated the specific subjects chosen by regional makers.

How were they displayed?

Many figures functioned as trade signs outside shops to attract customers. Others served as devotional objects inside domestic homes or religious spaces. Smaller carvings sat on tables or shelves as decorative ornaments.