What materials were used?

Carvers utilised organic and mineral substances depending on the intended function and status of the object. Hardwoods, root wood, and boxwood predominate, alongside stones like soapstone, jadeite, serpentine, and marble. Precious mediums such as amber, coral, and lacquer also appear, frequently enhanced with gold leaf and polychrome pigments.

Dating relies on stylistic markers from the Qing dynasty and the Republic period, combined with an assessment of tool marks and wear. Eighteenth-century and early nineteenth-century pieces often display deeper, more restrained carving and richer patination. Later works from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries show shifts in subject matter and surface finishing, reflecting changing domestic and export markets.

Who are the figures depicted?

The subjects are drawn from Buddhism, Daoism, and Chinese folklore. Common representations include Daoist immortals, Buddhist deities like Guanyin and Buddha, and civil officials or scholars. Secular figures such as fishermen and merchants also appear, alongside symbolic animals like water buffaloes, lions, and monkeys.

Were these items religious?

Many figures served devotional or ritual purposes in temples and domestic shrines, functioning as objects of veneration. Monumental temple guardians and polychrome wood Buddhas belonged to sacred architectural settings. Other carvings were created for scholar's desks and domestic display, serving as symbols of longevity, wisdom, and scholarly pursuits rather than objects of worship.